Enhanced Learning through a Neurodiversity Lens

By Ashley Andrade

Note: This blog post mentions Temple Grandin’s memoir “Thinking in Pictures”. While Temple Grandin has made notable contributions to the understanding of autism, particularly in terms of her personal experience, her views and approach have been controversial within the autistic community.

Some members of the community feel that her perspectives, particularly regarding the need for "normalizing" behaviors or her emphasis on specific –often medical– frameworks, can be limiting or harmful to a more inclusive, diverse understanding of autism. It's important to acknowledge the complexity of her influence, recognizing both the positive impact she’s had and the concerns voiced by members of the autistic community regarding her views.

Last month, I read Dr. Temple Grandin’s memoir, “Thinking in Pictures – My Life with Autism” and one of the main takeaways for me was the importance of understanding how differently we each perceive the world and relatedly, how our brains learn best. 

I did not know what my learning style was until I was in medical school. Up to that point, I had instinctively known that I preferred visual modes of learning, such as diagrams and pictures, and that I enjoyed real-world examples of learning topics, but up until then I had not explored the concept of learning styles. Then, in medical school, one of my academic counselors introduced me to the “VARK” Model of Learning, a concept created by Dr. Neil Fleming in the 1980’s. Fleming described that there are four main types of learners: Visual, Aural, Read/write and Kinesthetic. It was then that I realized I was a visual and kinesthetic learner. This enhanced my understanding of myself and improved my study abilities, as I now understood what learning style worked best for me. 

In Dr. Grandin’s memoir, she writes about how she has observed that people on the autism spectrum tend to have one of three main thinking patterns, including: visual thinkers, verbal thinkers, and pattern-based thinkers. A person’s predominant mode of thinking affects how people perceive their world and informs their strengths and challenges. For example, a visual thinker may excel at visualizing diagrams in their mind’s eye but may have trouble conceptualizing abstract ideas unless they create a visual symbol. 

These two concepts highlight the importance of celebrating neurodiversity and can be applied to both neurotypical and neurodivergent learners. By connecting these two concepts, we can see that the way we perceive our world both informs our understanding of the world and can lend itself to our best learning practices.  Each brain is wired differently, and this affects our strengths and challenges. This has important implications for educational practices. For example, experiential learning, or learning through hands-on experiences, is one method that can incorporate different learning styles and can be accommodated to many different types of learners. In general, learning more about these concepts can both enhance our understanding of neurodiversity and empower us all to find ways to learn best. 

Resources:

VARK Modalities and quiz for understanding your unique learning style: https://vark-learn.com/introduction-to-vark/

Different Strategies for supporting Neurodiversity in the Classroom: https://www.readingrockets.org/helping-all-readers/neurodiversity-and-children-learning-differences

Uniquely Human Podcast explores various neurodiversity topics: https://uniquelyhuman.com

References: 

Grandin, T. (2006). Thinking in pictures: and other reports from my life with autism. 2nd Vintage Books ed. New York, Vintage Books.

Introduction to VARK®:for Better Learning. VARK. (2024, April 26). https://vark-learn.com/introduction-to-vark/ 

AAC: A Parent’s Perspective on Non-Speaking Communication

by Bridget Fitzgerald, LEND Family Advocate

Image description: Declan, a white teen with brown hair and his mom, Bridget Fitzgerald, a white middle-aged woman with long hair. They are both smiling and wearing “AAC Rocks” t-shirts.

AAC is an acronym for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, the name for the  communication tools that individuals who cannot rely on speech or “mouth words” use. For families like mine, AAC has been life-changing. My 14-year-old son, Declan, is a non-speaking autistic teen who uses an AAC device to communicate.

Communication is a Basic Human Right

Communication is a basic human right. For non-speakers, AAC is not a luxury but a necessary tool to communicate. Whenever the topic of AAC comes up, I share my family’s journey and highlight the importance of respecting the voices of non-speakers—whether they have formal communication tools or not.

Presume Competence

There are no prerequisites for AAC. None. We must presume competence that everyone can learn and that everyone has a voice. My child did not take to PECs (picture exchange cards) since they were highly procedural and he was not able to openly express himself. If he was on a trial for school or insurance in which PECs were a precursor and he had to “graduate to an electronic device,” he would have failed miserably and never gained access to communication. 

Communication Over Compliance

One of the biggest mistakes I see medical, therapeutic, and educational professionals make is focusing on compliance or behavior management before ensuring a non-speaking child has access to communication and is regulated. For Declan, AAC didn’t just provide words—it gave him control over his own expression. When a non-speaking child can communicate, many of the so-called “behavioral” issues begin to fade because the frustration of being misunderstood starts to dissolve.

Declan’s Journey with AAC

Declan’s life changed the moment he was introduced to his AAC device (a dedicated iPad with the TouchChat app). Although it took nearly two years for him to fully embrace its use, his demeanor improved immediately. Even before he could navigate the device to the proper icons or type out sentences, he knew that his school team and his family were rooting for him. He knew that we presumed his competence. He knew that we believed in his potential to communicate, and that belief made all the difference.

Tone and Engagement Matter for All Non-Speakers

Non-speakers understand far more than most people think. This is true for non-speakers with and without intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD). Even if a non-speaking person cannot respond using words or formal communication tools, they can understand tone, intent, and body language.

For example, I recently took Declan to a new doctor. While the doctor was somewhat cold toward me, he warmly greeted Declan, using a friendly tone. This was a big improvement over past experiences, where Declan was sometimes ignored altogether. The respect the doctor showed toward Declan set the tone for a more positive visit, even if his communication with me was subpar.

Spellers Need Your Patience

Not all non-speakers use electronic devices. Some use spelling boards or letterboards to communicate, and while the process can be slow, the results are pivotal. I’ve witnessed how spelling opens doors for non-speakers to express complex thoughts, emotions, and ideas that were previously locked inside.

When interacting with a speller, it’s crucial to be patient, allow time, and recognize that the communication process may look different, but it’s no less valid. Clear, direct communication, paired with a supportive and calm environment, gives non-speakers the space to express themselves fully.

For Non-Speakers Without Formal Communication Tools

Before Declan could use his AAC device, he communicated with us in countless ways—through gestures, facial expressions, sounds, and behaviors. As parents, we often interpret these signals and serve as “translators.” But it’s important for professionals to engage directly with non-speakers as well. Speak to the non-speaker, not just about them. Even if they can’t verbally respond, or they appear to not be paying attention, they are processing and understanding more than you might realize.

I’m Not My Child’s Voice

Unlike other parents of non-speakers, I will never say that I am my child’s voice. I’m his advocate, his champion, and his mom but I am not him. I work hard for him to have his own voice and he works even harder. 

AAC is not easy yet it is entirely worth it. It requires tons of patience, dedication, and respect from everyone involved. Every person deserves a voice and the opportunity to be heard. Declan, like so many other non-speaking individuals, has a lot to say. And when we provide the tools, support, and respect, we open the door for these critical voices to be heard.

Resources for Communicating with Non-Speakers

Communication First, the only nonprofit dedicated to protecting and advancing the civil rights of the more than 5 million people in the United States who cannot rely on speech alone to be heard and understood.
https://communicationfirst.org

ISAAC, International Society for AAC 
https://isaac-online.org/english/home/

I-ASC, International Association for Spelling as Communication
https://i-asc.org

AAC Awareness Month is celebrated every October. 

Communication: Music to my ears

By Melissa Singleton

Thanksgiving can be exhausting. Don’t get me wrong, I love pie and mashed potatoes and spending time with my family as much as the next person. But when the food coma hits, it hits hard. Last week, as I started to sink into a full-bellied slumber-state, my sister’s voice rang out from the other room where she sat on the couch: “Wake up Heather, wake up!”

For context, my sister’s name is Heather. She is 29 years old, also loves mashed potatoes and pie and family, and at this point in the afternoon, was just as sleepy as me. She also has a developmental disability. Her condition is rare enough that it doesn’t have a name, but what you need to know to understand this story is that it affects her ability to express herself through speech. Part of her disability is apraxia. This means that she has trouble initiating and carrying out movements, even if her muscles can technically perform the task. Often, she is able to say 2-3 consecutive words at most. Sometimes, the wrong word comes out, or a single word is repeated multiple times instead of saying new words. The words can be hard to understand if you don’t know her well, particularly without the context of other words around them. But the phrase she just produced was five words long, completely intentional, and clear as day. Why? Because she didn’t just say it, she sang it.

Our school mascot growing up was the bulldogs. One of the chants we heard frequently through our years in the school district was “Let’s go Bulldogs, let’s go!” followed by a rapid series of three claps. This same pattern – the rhythm and intonation – was what my sister used when she said, “Wake up Heather, wake up!” It was a coherent and comedic way to get the point across that she was tired at that moment, just like me. Instinctively after she chanted the words, I clapped three times in rapid succession, just like I was at a highschool basketball game. A “me too” to her “I’m tired.” 

A musical representation of the rhythm and melody of Heather’s chant with the lyrics from the high school chant on top and her own lyrics on the bottom.

Image description: Hand-drawn musical staff on bullet journal paper with a bass clef in 4/4 time signature and two measures of notes. The first measure is all quarter notes: B, B, G-sharp, F-sharp, with the G-sharp slurred into F-sharp. The second measure is two quarter notes followed by three eighth notes and and an eighth rest: B, B, X, X, X, rest. The X’s represent claps. The phrase “Let’s go Bull-dogs Let’s go *clap clap clap*” is written along the top and “Wake up Heather Wake up *clap clap clap* is written along the bottom, with each syllable corresponding to a note.

The summer before I started medical school, I used my carefully collected savings to fly to the far western side of France. From there, I embarked, along with dozens of other pilgrims, on the Way of St. James – a traditional pilgrimage across the Pyrenees mountains and to the eastern side of Spain. Each night, I stopped in albergues, which are cheap hostels that provide a place to rest and an inexpensive meal for weary pilgrims. People from all across the world walked, stopped, and rested alongside me. While the days were dedicated to silence and reflection, the evenings were for sharing food, wine, and laughter. We didn’t all speak the same language, so many conversations were made up of gestures and single words. But the nights where we truly conversed were the nights we had music. One pilgrim walked with her guitar strapped to her back. In the evenings she played the Beatles, Billy Joel, Irish folk songs, Czech pop songs. We all swayed along and sang along when we could. 

Music is a universal language. This is something we all know. But in the medical world, we often view the interventions we use, whether they’re medication or therapy, only as treatments for improving deficits. This includes music therapy. When I search a scholarly database for trials on music therapy and communication, the highest quality literature – metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials – are like this one: Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders: A systematic review. They are focused on recovery or improvement of spoken words. But they fail to recognize that music is not just a method for recovering or improving our ability to communicate through speech. It is also, in itself, a form of communication.

My sister Heather did music therapy when she was little. At the time, it was an attempt to help her speak. While it may have helped with the words she is able to say now, music gave her something even better – a new method of communicating. Music is processed differently in our brain than speech. For whatever reason, my sister’s brain has an easier time with music than with the spoken word. She struggles to form a complete sentence, but sings an entire chorus with ease. Creating new sentences to describe a situation is a challenge, but adding new words to an old tune is something she excels at more than most people.

So here is my point. My call to action. Why I’ve been rambling for the past six paragraphs. I call you, whoever you are, to think of music as not only a medical treatment or artistic expression, but as a form of communication. If you have a child with a disability, encourage them to listen to and create music, and when they do, take note of what they are telling you. If you are a doctor considering a referral to music therapy, don’t only refer patients who might be able to gain the spoken word, but also those who would benefit from having a new way to communicate. And if you’re someone in my life, and you hear my sister sing you a little song, pay attention. She might just be jamming out to Party in the USA, but maybe – just maybe – she’s telling you something. Listen closely.

Promoting Safe and Healthy Relationships for Disabled Teens

By Theemeshni Govender

February is Teen Dating Violence Awareness Month. Teen Dating Violence impacts everyone, including caregivers, teachers, and the broader communities that youth live and engage in. However, teen dating violence is infrequently talked about, and as such, youth are left to independently figure out what a healthy relationship is, often turning to media. Teen dating violence encompasses several forms of violence including physical violence (i.e., use of force, including hitting or kicking), sexual violence (i.e., forcing someone to take part in a sex act when the partner does not consent or is unable to consent or refuse), psychological aggression (i.e., use of verbal and non-verbal communication to harm someone emotionally), and stalking (i.e., pattern of unwanted attention and contact that causes fear or safety concerns). Importantly, teen dating violence can occur in person, online or via technology. Exposure to teen dating violence has been shown to have short and long-term negative health consequences, including poor mental health and engagement in unhealthy behaviors (e.g., substance use). Several studies have examined teen dating violence by identity characteristics, including gender, racial/ethnic identity, and sexual orientation. However, a group often overlooked in this public health issue are teens with disabilities. 

Romantic and sexual relationships are just as common among people with disabilities. So, why then is there limited research on teen dating violence among disabled teens? One reason is that, in general, most studies do not ask about disability. However, more specific to this field, is that individuals with disabilities are often thought to be asexual or sexual behavior is seen as unsafe or inappropriate. A study that aimed to learn more about intimate and sexual health needs and the experiences of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities found that youth with disabilities were more likely to be exposed to all forms of violence. More detail on these findings and on teen dating violence among disabled youth can be found below in the YouTube video linked below. Another study found that 1 in 5 young people aged 12-19 with disabilities reported experiencing violence. This was twice the rate of youth without a reported disability. In addition, among high school students who had ever been on a date, girls and boys with disabilities were more likely than girls and boys without disabilities to report dating violence. In the general population, studies have shown that youth are likely to perpetrate and be victimized by certain acts of violence. Youth with disabilities also sometimes perpetrate violence, often due to not understanding what appropriate behavior is. This can be due to the fact that the responsibility to educate youth on sex education often falls to teachers, but children with disabilities are often left out of the classroom, thereby not getting this information on healthy behaviors and relationships. 

Gaps in education and stereotypes around relationships and sex for people with disabilities have made it such that youth with disabilities are more likely to be exposed to teen dating violence. Therefore, teens with disabilities should be included in prevention and intervention efforts targeting teen dating violence and be involved in conversations on healthy relationships. Current initiatives being implemented in schools should ensure content is accessible to youth with disabilities. In addition, research should focus on whether there are unique experiences of teen dating violence that youth with disabilities are more likely to be exposed to and acts they may be more likely to perpetrate to help develop more targeted prevention and intervention programs. The following websites, also linked below, “Break the cycle” and “Love is respect” provides targeted information for youth on what constitutes healthy relationships and for youth navigating relationships. Involving disabled youth in conversations and initiatives around healthy relationships ensures prevention efforts are inclusive, accessible and responsive to their lived experience, which is crucial in reducing teen dating violence in this population. 

Resources:

CDC article: https://www.cdc.gov/intimate-partner-violence/about/about-teen-dating-violence.html

Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPO6HqvGkF0

Administration for Community Living article: https://acl.gov/news-and-events/acl-blog/teens-disabilities-have-right-healthy-relationships#:~:text=People%20of%20all%20ages%20with,the%20highest%20rates%20of%20violence

Mitra & McKenna article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22886316/

Break the cycle: https://www.breakthecycle.org/

Love is respect: https://www.loveisrespect.org/

Advocating for Inclusion: Water Safety for Autistic Children

By Sara Zielinski

As an aquatic occupational therapist, my goals in the water are often to address motor skills, executive functioning, sensory processing…the list goes on, and on. But aside from all of the goals that I am working on with clients, I think the most important goal for my autistic clients is for them to learn water safety. 

If a child is autistic, they are 160 times more likely to drown (fatal and non fatal) than their neurotypical peers). Why might this be the case? Some say that it can be attributed to elopement/wandering behaviors, some say that it might be due to autistic children being “drawn” to water, but I think it’s more basic than that. 

Autistic children are NOT being included in water safety and swim lesson opportunities at the same rate as other children. Most community swim lesson programs, centers, and curriculums are NOT INCLUSIVE and are not developed with a neurodivergent learner in mind. When a program is not inclusive, the autistic child will attempt to participate and struggle because their needed accommodations and supports for learning are not being addressed. Ultimately, they will be asked to not return or families will choose to withdraw their child from the program, because it is not supportive of their child’s needs. How is a child supposed to learn water safety when they’re not given the opportunity to practice and learn those skills in the water? 

Later, when the child finds themselves in water, they do not know what to do! And that is why water safety is embedded into each and every one of my aquatic therapy sessions. While working on a child’s goals, we are also working on safely entering the pool, closing our mouth, blowing bubbles, holding our breath and controlled breathing, floating on our backs, pushing off of the bottom, reaching for the edge of the pool, climbing out of the water, propelling ourselves forward, etc. etc. 

Autistic children CAN learn water safety, and I see it every day with my clients. But they have to be given the opportunity to learn those skills in an INCLUSIVE environment, and sadly right now those opportunities don’t tend to exist within the larger community. It is our job to continue to advocate for inclusion throughout the community, across all settings, because sometimes that advocacy just might save a life.

ADHD Mythbuster

By Cristina Cerda

A late ADHD diagnosis in women is unfortunately not uncommon. I was diagnosed only 2 years ago. For context, I am currently 25 years old. Growing up, I always knew I was different, but I could never pinpoint what it was that made me so different. When I would leave for class, one of my roommates who I used to live with would tell me, “I knew you would be back. You always forget something.”  

I found myself constantly trying to prove to everyone that I was smart. I would get pulled for reading tests, and I was always so confused because I could read anything you gave me. But ask me to summarize what I just read? I could not tell you. I could feel it on the tip of my tongue, but I just couldn’t find the words. I found myself constantly working harder than my peers. It got to the point where I had come to terms that was just who I was. This was the way it was going to be. I could go on and on about my experiences, but these are just a few.

When I received my diagnosis, it felt like I had put on glasses and could finally see clearly. Everything I had felt and struggled with finally made sense. It made me mad at the world for a bit that no one I had interacted with up until this point had any suspicion. I felt defeated. 

ADHD has this stigma around it that it is a male dominant diagnosis, which is not true. It is often thought about this way because males are able to show disruptive symptoms more so than women because of societal norms. Women are told they are more empathetic, good with people, organized, and obedient so we tend not to show the hyperactive side externally. Women are under diagnosed because we tend to present with the inattentive side of ADHD, which is less recognizable compared to the hyperactive side. 

It is important to consider cultural influences as well with beliefs in mental health and behaviors. In my family, I was questioned if I really had this disorder and was told everyone shows these symptoms. People of color are less likely to get a diagnosis, which could be due to these cultural influences. 

Because of impulsive behaviors that are seen with ADHD, women that go undiagnosed in childhood are more at risk for sexual assault, low self-esteem, and substance abuse. It is for these reasons that we need to be more aware of the signs for ADHD and how they may present in women. Below are common signs in women with ADHD:

• Inattentive

• Fails to give close attention to detail or makes careless mistakes

• Has difficulty sustaining attention, does not appear to listen

• Struggles to follow through with instructions 

• Difficulty with organization

• Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort 

• Loses things easily 

• Easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities 

• “Internal” hyperactivity

• Talks excessively

• Fidgets

• Acts impulsively or speaks before thinking

• Daydreaming, feels like thoughts are going a million miles a minute

• Easily makes friends but has difficulty sustaining friendships 

• Self harming activities

• Working 2-3 times harder than peers to be equally successful

• Fears rejection 

Resources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10173330/

https://chadd.org/for-adults/symptoms-of-adhd-in-women-and-girls/

Sex education? Yes, please!

By Shelby Gordon

I believe everyone should have access to appropriate sex education regardless of disability status. As a clinical coordinator in Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, I conducted comprehensive service evaluations, cross system crisis prevention and intervention planning, community training and education, and emergency response for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Often, individuals were referred to crisis services for “inappropriate sexual behavior,” ranging from public disrobing to public masturbation. There were stark contrasts between these individuals’ age, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status, and even diagnosis of disability. Despite these differences, their reason for referral were the same. People were consistently removed from residential or day programs for these behaviors, leading to decreased social interaction and effectively taking away someone’s home. In cases of public nudity, police would get involved which directly put an individual with disabilities at risk of having legal charges being placed against them. It was a tremendous burden on both direct service providers and caregivers to support individuals who displayed “inappropriate sexual behaviors,” and I felt limited in my ability to help.

Seeing repeated referrals for crisis services that surrounded such behavior, I became quite interested in what could happen when someone does not receive sex education due to stigma or fear around disability. Rather than blame the individual, I worked closely with therapeutic coaches to provide psychoeducation on appropriate sexual behaviors on both an individual and interpersonal level. I believe that intervening early and providing appropriate sex education for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities could delay or even prevent these specific crisis situations. 

Dr. Sarah Curtiss at the University of Delaware has created free sexuality education for individuals with autism and with developmental disabilities. It is called The Birds and the Bees and the link to it is here. Katherine McLaughlin at Elevatus Training is another great resource in sexuality and developmental disability. The link to the Elevatus Training website is here. Let’s work together to create productive spaces for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities to get access to adequate sex education!

Inequitable Access and the Misuse of Special Education Services

By Regina Brock

Image description: Rows of wooden desks with wooden chairs. The desks have notebooks on them.

There are two key pieces of legislation that guide special education services in the United States: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. IDEA is a law that ensures eligible children with disabilities receives a free and appropriate public education. Section 504 provides further protections, prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Collectively, these laws are designed to ensure that students with disabilities receive the support they need to access education. Despite these intentions, inequitable access to these supports persist. 

Current research has found that some affluent parents and families have taken advantage of these systems, specifically through request for accommodations through Section 504.  As a school clinician, I along with the team- including the family - must determine if these accommodations are a needed component for their child’s education. Unlike IDEA, Section 504 has less stringent guidelines and eligibility can be supported with outside physician and educator documentation.

How does power and privilege play a role in this? Why shouldn’t parents use their resources to support their child’s education outcomes? The issue lies in the broader context of implementing these services. Affluent families have found ways to extend this legislation beyond its intended scope. These families often have greater access to private evaluations and advocacy, where low-income families may not be able to afford, have the time, or access to these critical resources. Additionally, time used to support these students who may not necessarily need the services can detract from the time of students who cannot manage without this support. 

As an aspiring School Psychologist, my role is to ensure each student is provided with a free and appropriate education (FAPE). Yet, the reality is that I cannot dictate what parents feel are a need for their child, even when those needs may not align with the purpose of these systems. Adding to this, as a black woman in the field, my expertise can often come under scrutiny where it otherwise may not. So, where do we go from here? How can we make special education more accessible and equitable for all students? 

1. Ensure parents are well informed: Clearly communicate the purpose of accommodations and how they are used to meet the child’s specific educational needs.

2. Provide alternatives supports: Offer families additional support, such as referrals to school or community based mental health services, to address underlying issues such as anxiety.

3. Educate school professionals: Dedicate time to discuss power imbalances in the implementation of 504 so that we can make more informed decisions in collaboration with families. 

For further information, please feel free to visit the links below:

https://mihsislander.org/5771/features/504-plans-data-suggests-wealth-threatens-educational-equity/

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED628826

https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication-announcement/2023/06/504-plan

Cooperatives, Intentional Communities and Disability Justice

By Jeannie Stranzl

I love cooperatives, or anything that could be described as an “intentional community”. I was lucky enough to get a spot in a food cooperative house during my last year of undergraduate education, and I have spent the past 5 years volunteering at a co-op café and grocery store in my chosen home city of Milwaukee. So at this point, you might be wondering - what is a cooperative organization? What is an intentional community? And most importantly, what do they have to do with disability justice?

I will start with disability justice. The Sins Invalid collective, led by and for disabled folks (with a focus on amplifying the voices of BIPOC and LGBTQ+ disabled people), defines 10 Principles of Disability Justice as follows:

“INTERSECTIONALITY
‘We do not live single issue lives’ –Audre Lorde. Ableism, coupled with white supremacy, supported by capitalism, underscored by heteropatriarchy, has rendered the vast majority of the world ‘invalid.’

LEADERSHIP OF THOSE MOST IMPACTED
‘We are led by those who most know these systems.’ –Aurora Levins Morales

ANTI-CAPITALIST POLITIC
In an economy that sees land and humans as components of profit, we are anti-capitalist by the nature of having non-conforming body/minds.

COMMITMENT TO CROSS-MOVEMENT ORGANIZING
Shifting how social justice movements understand disability and contextualize ableism, disability justice lends itself to politics of alliance.

RECOGNIZING WHOLENESS
People have inherent worth outside of commodity relations and capitalist notions of productivity. Each person is full of history and life experience.

SUSTAINABILITY
We pace ourselves, individually and collectively, to be sustained long term. Our embodied experiences guide us toward ongoing justice and liberation.

COMMITMENT TO CROSS-DISABILITY SOLIDARITY
We honor the insights and participation of all of our community members, knowing that isolation undermines collective liberation.

INTERDEPENDENCE
We meet each other’s needs as we build toward liberation, knowing that state solutions inevitably extend into further control over lives.

COLLECTIVE ACCESS
As brown, black and queer-bodied disabled people we bring flexibility and creative nuance that go beyond able-bodied/minded normativity, to be in community with each other.

COLLECTIVE LIBERATION
No body or mind can be left behind – only moving together can we accomplish the revolution we require.”

I see a lot of overlap between these Principles of Disability Justice and the Foundation for Intentional Community’s description of their guiding mission and vision:

“We face an overwhelming and inextricably intertwined set of challenges. They are all results of mutually reinforcing systems, operating on a global scale, that perpetuate harm and foster violence. They include:

• Social isolation, division, disconnection, & trauma

• Inequality, injustice, oppression, & exploitation

• Climate disruption and ecological system collapse

Because of their integrated, place-based nature, intentional communities provide unique opportunities to address a variety of issues in a holistic way. As places for sharing lives, resources, land, and purpose, they provide and maximize an interconnected set of ecological, social, and economic benefits. As a movement, intentional communities have unfulfilled potential to

• Support the wellbeing of the people who live in them

• Support each other

• Support the shift the world needs towards cooperation, justice, and resilience”. 

Cooperative organizations, likewise, typically rest on a foundation of the 7 Cooperative Principles that were officially defined in 1995:

“Voluntary membership: Any person who is willing to accept the responsibilities of co-op membership and who wishes to use the services of a cooperative is welcome to become a member.

Democratic member control: Co-ops are controlled by their members. Members have control over setting policies for the co-op and making decisions for the cooperative.

Member economic participation: Members contribute to the capital of the co-op democratically and equitably. Most of the capital of a co-op remains the property of the co-op and isn’t redistributed to members.

Autonomy and independence: Co-ops are meant to be autonomous and democratically controlled, meaning they aren’t subject to control by outside organizations.

Education, training and information: A cooperative provides education and training to members and board members to allow them to contribute to the development of the co-op. Cooperatives also seek to inform and educate the public about the mission and operation of a co-op.

Cooperation among cooperatives: Co-ops will often work together, creating regional, national and international structures that help to improve the community and create a better world.”

Concern for community: The policies approved by the members of a cooperative should help to develop the community around the co-op in a sustainable way.”

What I see as the foundation bringing these three concepts together is the recognition of the value of the whole self, of every part of the ecosystem in which we live.  I have personally experienced and benefited from this as a multiply neurodivergent member of cooperative organizations and intentional communities, because I can contribute what I am able and be valued and accepted for my authentic self rather than having to perform at a level that I cannot physically or mentally sustain. Valuing of the whole self and the whole ecosystem is the root that unites all of the other parts of these respective principles, because it acknowledges that we all cannot do everything and be everything to everyone. If we want to be healthy living beings and to live on a healthy planet, we cannot deplete our own and others’ resources without replenishing. We cannot do it alone, because we all as living beings on this planet need each other in order to survive. Incidentally, these principles also align closely with my academic discipline of Public Health, because Public Health aims to honor the individual while also having a macro-level focus on the health and wellness of whole communities. Overall, the principles of cooperatives, intentional communities, and disability justice inspire me personally, academically, and professionally, and I aim to put them into practice in some way or another during the rest of my life.

Avoiding FOMO: Making Slang Accessible for AAC Users

by Alicia LaRouech

CW: discussion of explicit language, brief mention of abuse and sexual assault 

Image description: An augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device in the form of an iPad with a blue case. The device screen contains 60 buttons, all of which contain a word and/or a picture symbol, such as go, play, on, off, etc.

Image from PRC-Saltillo.

As a pediatric speech-language pathologist (SLP), I spend a lot of time thinking about how to teach kids language. I also spend a lot of time listening to kids, especially when they say the most creative, funny, and insightful comments…including calling each other “poopyheads” or some variation of the term. When thinking about kids who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), it’s incredibly important to know how to support all sorts of opportunities for communication with family, friends, and others in the community, as well as consider what specific language they may like to access for those conversations. 

Customizing an AAC user’s device to include slang, “bad” words, and other meaningful selections can make a world of difference in a child’s buy-in of the device and allow them to communicate with their peers in a more authentic way. Providing kids, teens, and young adults with access to words such as “dab,” “rizz,” or, as one client of mine liked to exclaim, “yucky!” allows another outlet of self-expression. These are words they hear their peers use throughout the day and that hold socially-meaningful value within peer interactions. In addition to core words–those salient words that are used everyday across a variety of environments, such as “go,” “on,” and “more”–it’s important to model other communicative functions, including exclamations, social comments, and rejections, among so many others. I once had a student who loved selecting “oops” after stacking and knocking over blocks, and we would giggle over “uh oh!” when the bucket was empty.

In addition to adding a sense of playfulness and connection for AAC users, there is a very serious side to providing individuals with access to more taboo or sensitive subjects. The Northwest Augmentative Communication Society notes that children with disabilities are often not provided with opportunities to learn about consent, setting boundaries, sexual and romantic involvements, or even their own body.  An appropriate and tactful approach can certainly be provided on these topics for AAC users, but the bottom line is they need to have access to these words and concepts on their devices. Abuse, sexual assault, and ableism are very real and, unfortunately, too-frequent occurrences for people with disabilities. How do we expect individuals with disabilities to share their experiences of what is happening to them if they are not provided the words to accurately describe it? Some AAC applications have pagesets containing icons for genitals, phrases about safety and sexuality, and additional resources regarding these topics, while other applications are lacking in this area. 

Of course, there are no hard and fast rules regarding when, where, or how it’s appropriate to add slang, profanity, etc. Some important considerations include cultural and familial boundaries, age, clinician bias on what “appropriate” even means, and not conflating terminology from other dialects or cultures as slang. Overall, one of the biggest takeaways is that AAC is meant to grow with an individual and support them in all areas of life. AAC users deserve access to whatever language is best for them to make jokes, express wants and needs, protest, complain, and generally just communicate across all situations. After all, who are we to deny someone the opportunity to exclaim “fuck!” after stubbing their toe or burning their food?

References:

Cox, L., Ingles, M., & Wylie, K. (2024). Guys, like…yeah…this stuff might actually be pretty important. Teenage vocabulary in peer interactions. Implications for teen AAC users. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, 26(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/22000259.2024.2317470 

Hartmann, A. (n.d.). Core word teaching strategies. AssistiveWare. https://www.assistiveware.com/learn-aac/learn-about-core-word-teaching-strategies

Northwest Augmentative Communication Society. (n.d.). AAC & Consent, Safety, and Dignity. https://nwacs.info/aac-and-consent-safety-dignity

Strickler, H. (2022, April 27). Uncensored AAC: Exploring AAC access to profanity and slang [PowerPoint presentation]. The USSAAC Webinar Series. https://isaac-online.org/wp-content/uploads/USSAAC-Webinar-April-27-2022-1.pdf

The Transformational Power of Seeking to Understand

Erin C. Green

I attended the Association of University Centers on Disabilities (AUCD) conference in Washington DC for the first time this November and have been tasked with writing a reflection on my inaugural attendance; I’m finding it nearly impossible to do so without reference to the concentric layers of context within which I experienced this event. On the broadest level, and purely coincidentally, I found myself in our nation’s capital on what came to be the day we re-elected a president who openly mocks the disabled and has overseen myriad attempts to dismantle our supports and protections, who disparages racial, ethnic, and religious minorities, and who threatens the safety of women and LGBTQIA+ communities. In sharp contrast, the middle cylinder of this telescope of temporal intersection was the conference itself, a beacon of the power of coalition and community. And finally, the narrowest focus fell on my own health, as I struggled to absorb this conference’s knowledge and wisdom despite a novel, as yet unknown illness that left me exhausted, nauseated, and struggling to eat.

In searching for a common thread to tie together this week of disparate experiences, I land on the concept of ‘misunderstanding’: the pervasive misperception of the autistic experience, highlighted from multiple angles at AUCD; the egregious misjudgment of my medical situation that I initially encountered at urgent care; and – in the most optimistic and generous-of-spirit light I could attempt to shine on the outcome of our national election – the apparent misapprehension held by half the country regarding the intrinsic value of their fellow humans.

As I ponder, I realize there is a sort of spectrum ranging from relative innocence to direct culpability in these areas of misunderstanding. At what point, for example, does a lack of knowledge about another’s experience become willful ignorance? In the case of our national lapse in judgment, I would argue that heavily marginalized groups bear less culpability, while those privileged with financial means and access to quality education are inexcusably to blame for their conscious, premeditated choices, whether via complacent ignorance or malicious cynicism. I believe that, in all arenas, we owe it to each other to intentionally and perpetually chip away at our own areas of incomplete understanding, to seek out and illuminate our blind spots as a matter of obligation to those with whom we share our terrestrial existence. 

This imperative applies equally to biases held regarding those with differing neurological operating systems. Through a range of interactions with fellow autistic self-advocates while in attendance at AUCD, I added to my collection yet more stories of fundamental misunderstanding of who we are and how we exist in the world. The familiar tales of being deeply underestimated cognitively, linguistically, and socially stack up alongside so many individual anecdotes, illustrating sharply how being viewed through the wrong lens begets consequences ranging from painful to punitive: a high school student who put his head down on his desk to better concentrate on captivating lecture content, reprimanded for a misperceived failure to pay attention; a future Harvard grad blocked from accessing mainstream academic content in elementary school via placement in self-contained special education due to communication differences; and the scores upon scores of autistic women, misdiagnosed so routinely with psychiatric disorders rather than autism as to render this misattribution of symptoms a gaslit rite of passage.

Upon returning home from the conference, with my illness still unresolved and clear signs of jaundice emerging, I made my way to urgent care. And, in an abdication of medical duty that I have struggled to make sense of, I was sent home with instructions to follow up with primary care, a prescription for nausea medication, and the differential diagnosis of “psychiatric problems, depression, or abdominal issues.” As an autistic adult, I often struggle to advocate for myself in real time within confusing and maddening situations of this sort, and the degree of challenge is inevitably magnified by the brain fog of acute illness. As I headed home in an Uber, bewildered, concerned for my health, and feeling utterly powerless, I somehow managed to convince the scheduler on the phone that I needed to be seen sooner than the initially-offered nine days later. By the grace of the universe, I snagged an appointment within the hour at the same facility I’d just left – only now with internal medicine rather than urgent care - and turned my Uber around.

The internal medicine doctor immediately recognized my yellowed eyes and sublingual mucosa along with my broader pattern of symptoms as indicative of an acute liver process and urged me on to the emergency department.  Initial liver enzyme levels were sky high, and providers recognized the urgency of my situation. I was admitted, underwent further testing, and ultimately was diagnosed with hepatitis A, a best-case outcome with a prognosis of a full recovery of liver function as the virus eventually burns itself out. However, I remain acutely aware that, had my illness not been self-limiting, the initial misinterpretation of my clear symptomatology could have had dire medical consequences. I am left to wonder – was there something about the way I communicated or interacted within that initial visit that lent itself to misunderstanding? I run anxious for sure, but do not have a history of depression or psychiatric challenges. What did this provider see that led him to dismiss yellow eyes and a week-long inability to eat? And, if this truly had been a psychiatric need, would I not have been deserving of compassionate and timely care in that scenario?

My conclusion, after pushing past the reflexive self-doubt, is simple: my experience was rooted in systemic ableism and misogyny, intersecting dangerously to deny me equitable access to needed health care services. Of one thing I am certain; this injustice is not rare, especially among women. Further, my experience feels like a microcosm of the broader autistic existence, and likewise, of the circumstance of being ‘other’ in a society that aspires to the ideals of diversity and inclusion but falls so very far short when choices pitting altruism against self-interest and expediency must be made.

Ultimately, as we continue to fight back against the injustices born of a failure to truly see, understand, and value one another, I believe there is a powerful antidote to be found in genuinely seeing, understanding, and valuing ourselves. I view self-knowledge as a critical foundation of self-advocacy, one worthy of ongoing and committed effort. And, for our allies, facilitating the development of deep self-knowledge has the power to serve as one of the most genuinely transformational therapeutic goals to be undertaken, across disciplines and spanning age groups. We win when we know who we are, to our cores, with such ironclad certainty that we cannot be shaken by those who seek to destabilize, demean, and devalue us. We win when we see ourselves through the right lens, with depth and clarity, illuminated by the light of our inherent and inextricable value.

Putting a Band-Aide on a Bullet Wound

By Alison Cassidy Norton

shutterstock_1655218303

(Image: a large crowd of people gathered together in the form of a semi-automatic rifle)

Content Warning: / / discussion of mass shootings, school shootings, gun violence, death of and harm to a child

My child is in his first year at a public Pre-K, and every day during drop-off, his fingers, with jagged nails that are picked at when he is worried or bored, tangle with mine, pull on my clothing and tighten around my wrists as I start our ritual of saying goodbye for the day. He does not want me to leave, and I do not want to either. It feels important, so I do. We give hugs, and I kiss his hair so he does not smell my coffee breath. I leave his classroom, give him a confident wave, and put on my brave face as I leave my baby in a space that has become nearly synonymous with violence and tragedy.

Since 2015, mass shooting incidents have continued to rise, resulting in over 19,000 injuries and deaths from mass shootings between 2015 and 2022. Last week, after returning home from my morning drop-off, my heart pounded as I read the news alert on my phone: As Gunfire Rang Out, Students and Teachers Huddled in Fear.  On September 4, 2024, a 14-year-old killed two students and two teachers and injured more in Winder, Georgia, at Apalachee High School. Like this tragedy, attention has been focused on mental illness having a causal connection to violence since the earliest mass school shootings and became a regular part of the narrative after the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut. With each breaking news account of the latest mass shooting incident, the news cycles, public debates, and political messages are flooded with commentary about the perpetrators being insane, mentally ill, and even deranged monsters. Popularized by the National Rifle Association (NRA) and other gun advocates, the slogan “guns don’t kill people, people kill people” has been used to draw attention toward an individual’s mental health capacity and to advocate for more gun access for protection. 

This rhetoric directly links psychiatric disorders and violent behavior that result in mass shootings and gun violence. Specific psychiatric disorders may indeed be associated with an increased risk of violence; however, common features of mass perpetrators (i.e., depression, social isolation, resentment, outward blame, etc.) are relatively prevalent in the general population. Furthermore, with similarities in crucial factors thought to correlate to mass shootings, if it is frankly just people killing people without access to guns factoring in, then there should be comparable rates of gun-related deaths across countries that are positioned alike in relevant areas. 

Evans et al. (2016) compared mental illness and gun violence in the U.S., Australia, and Britain as three similarly situated nations with high rates of mental illness and concurrent exposure to “popular culture that perpetuates the stigma of the mentally ill as a violent threat.” They found that the three countries have similar rates of mental illness and access to the same material thought to incite mass shootings by like-minded individuals. However, the proportion of firearm-related homicides in the U.S. was nearly “11 times that of Britain and more than seven times that of Australia.” The difference here is not that the U.S. has higher rates of mental illness with violent expression; the difference is access to guns. For every 100 people in the U.S., Australia, and Britain, there were 112, 12, and 4 guns, respectively. 

In Winder, Georgia, after the teenager was detained and charged with the murders at his school, his father was arrested and charged with crimes related to the shootings as well. Initially, I felt grateful. In my anger, sadness, and deep fear as a parent to a child attending school, it made sense that someone with a mature prefrontal cortex should have to pay for the senselessness; gun owners with lax gun safety practices be dammed! 

However, after gaining some clarity, I realized this approach has a glaring problem. Arresting the father of the gunman for his part, like blaming mental illness as the cause of gun violence, is the equivalent of putting a band-aid on a bullet wound. Perhaps these things help us sleep better at night because we think we know who to blame and because we can take concrete actions that serve justice where justice is unquestionably due. But placing such baseless blame does nothing for a safer future; it simply distracts us from the real and systemic issues with gun violence, ultimately giving politicians and lawmakers yet another pass on bipartisan efforts to improve our public safety. 

My son had a good day at school the day that the Apalachee High School shooting occurred. He learned about different continents, remembered a new friend’s name, and got an extra snack in the afternoon. I felt worried until I had him with me, and if I am being honest, that worry does not ever go away. While I do not claim to have the answer for what safe, responsible, and reasonable gun ownership looks like in the U.S., I do know that blaming people with psychological conditions and now arresting the father of a mass shooter do not get us closer to finding out. While there are more guns in America than there are people, and federal laws fail to address issues with gun access and safe storage effectively, I continue to worry that there is no future in the U.S. that does not include the ubiquitousness of mass shootings in our schools and communities.

References

Appelbaum, P. S. (2013). Public safety, mental disorders, and guns. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(6), 565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.315 

Evans, R., Farmer, C., & Saligari, J. (2016). Mental illness and gun violence: Lessons for the 

United States from Australia and Britain. Violence and Gender, 3(3), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0049 

Everytown for Gun Safety. (2023, April 3). Mass shootings in the United States. Everytown Research & Policy. https://everytownresearch.org/mass-shootings-in-america/

Fox, J. A., & Fridel, E. E. (2016). The tenuous connections involving mass shootings, mental illness, and gun laws. Violence and Gender, 3, 14-19. doi:10.1089/vio.2015.0054

Inaccessible Accessibility: SEO and the Technology It Hides

By Christy Bloemendaal

In a recent conversation about resources for the disabled community, I found out about CITE Libraries.  Apparently, they exist in every state and province, and they contain technology and hardware that people can “check out” for several weeks to see if they are items that would benefit us and create greater accessibility.  Brilliant! 

How had I not heard about this?  Where are these libraries?  What is this ingenious and magical place?  I wanted to know more! So, I went to the internet to search…

And I could not find them.  

When I looked for “CITE Library” there was not a single result about Community Inclusion through Technology which is apparently what the letters stand for.  So, I searched for “Community Inclusion through Technology” and got articles about the subject but no actual places offering me that technology.  

And I should have anticipated this problem since our initial discussion about these tech resources wasn’t just about their availability but was about the way that these resources are not advertised, and so their online presence is in no way optimized.  The people who need these services can therefore not find them--which my search was proving true.  

After several failed searches, I emailed the person I had been speaking with, a resident of Maine, who sent me this link to their location for such services. From there I found this AT3 website which has a drop down that lets you search for your local center.  I discovered that my local center is the Illinois Assistive Technology Program which can be reached at this site. 

Finally, after literal days of searching, I looked some things up on the library.  I looked for mobility items and found a few items, including a clamp that holds tech to your wheelchair, and a cool seat for kids with mobility and sensory challenges called the tomato sitter.  However, some of these things didn’t have photos included and some of them are waitlisted, which prompted further research. And none of them were easy to FIND!  

There was a technological labyrinth that I had to navigate, based on a conversation, and with a tip and an email exchange to start it off. If I were a disabled individual just trying to find some info from a Google search, there is NO WAY that I would have found this resource on my own.

I cohost a podcast about disability and related issues—The Disability Tangent.  We do work to make sure that we are visible with hashtags and keywords and social media.  And it is still hard to get our words into the space where our listeners are.  How much harder must it be when there are no efforts to advertise or optimize or get the word out about these library resources?  

But what good does it do to have resources available for the disabled community if they don’t know they are there?  And how does it help if we are frantically looking for information and it doesn’t pop up in our searches?  This is a huge problem!  

The accessibility supports that we need don’t just need to exist.  Those supports themselves need to be accessible!  

Whether this is affordability, physical accessibility, or SEO optimization, the items that are for us, need to be in front of us and placed into our hands.  Things aren’t accessible unless we have access in every sense of the word.  

So, if you run one of these libraries, consider how you can get the word out.  If you create products, consider how to make them reasonably accessible for everyone in the community.  If you are a web designer, an influencer, a graphic wizard, etc., donate some time to these places so that they can improve the way they present their products to the world.  

Give us equal access to the things we need.  Help make these things searchable, available, and a part of our everyday life.  

The Veil of Ignorance and Disability Advocacy

By Aran Lim

A friend recently introduced me to a thought experiment called the “veil of ignorance” by political philosopher John Rawls (a wonderful YouTube video further explaining it is below).  In it, we are asked to imagine designing a society without knowing who we will be in it – i.e. our own race, socioeconomic status, gender, physical ability are unknown to us.  Naturally, most of us will be inclined to design a society that is as fair as possible, giving special consideration to the needs of the least privileged because we may ourselves belong to these groups.

This is, of course, impossible to directly translate into real life.  Try as I may, I cannot completely divorce myself from my own biases, conscious or subconscious.  However, I have found it to be a helpful tool in thinking about advocacy, in general and as it pertains to disability.

A dear family member of mine has a developmental disability. Observing the process of their diagnosis and ongoing experience as a disabled person galvanized my journey as an advocate. Initially, I was mostly motivated by the experience of this person whom I deeply love – and I remain motivated by this to this day. But it also became a gateway to advocacy more broadly. I began to engage with lawmakers and making phone calls to my congresspeople more regularly, voicing comments and concerns about policies and events that were directly relevant to me and those I cared about as well as those that did not personally affect me.

As I think about the work that remains, I can see the implications of the veil of ignorance on how I and others may approach disability advocacy. Although not perfectly practical, it serves as a poignant reminder of our shared humanity and the importance of empathy in advocacy and policymaking. As we grapple with the complexities of these processes, engaging with this mindset can lead to more robust, thoughtful actions that better address everyone's needs, and help reframe disability rights as a shared societal concern rather than a marginalized issue. By striving to create a world where everyone, regardless of their abilities, can thrive, we pave the way for a more just and equitable future for all.

How to Make Fair Laws: John Rawls and the Veil of Ignorance (youtube.com)

Image description: YouTube thumbnail with a solid purple background and text that says “John Rawls The Veil of Ignorance.”  On the right side of the thumbnail, there is a picture of John Rawls from the chest up.  He appears to be in his 60s.  He is a white man with medium length gray hair wearing large square glasses, a light suit, and dark tie.

Natural Disaster Plans for Individuals with Disabilities

By Elizabeth Murphy

Watching the national news has been particularly devastating lately. With the most recent natural disaster, Hurricane Milton, headed for Florida, many individuals are fleeing from its path. While evacuation orders cover large parts of the state, for many individuals with disabilities, leaving their homes is easier said than done. For some, this is due to a lack of transportation that is accessible for wheelchair users, while for others, it is due to having medical equipment that is difficult to move. For others who are D/deaf or hard of hearing, safety warnings and instructions are not always available in sign language, leaving them without access to crucial updates.

Even individuals who are able to reach immediate safety before a natural disaster hits are not in the clear. During the evacuation leading up to, and the weeks or months following, a natural disaster, access to mental and physical healthcare services are often limited. Power outages following disasters can be devastating for people who rely on corded medical supports and those who take prescription medications may be unable to access refills. In addition, people with disabilities are more than twice as likely to live in poverty than people without disabilities which can limit the accessibility of emergency planning. Poverty decreases the likelihood that individuals can create an emergency kit, take steps to mitigate damage to their homes, and purchase generators or extra supplies of medications. These factors have devastating effects – people with disabilities are up to four times more likely to die from natural disasters than those without disabilities.

There is a desperate need for increased emergency planning to ensure the safety of individuals with disabilities as much as those without disabilities. I did learn about shelters specifically for the former population while reading about Hurricane Milton. Florida has “special needs shelters” specifically for individuals with disabilities and complex medical needs. Complex medical equipment and care are not available at these shelter locations, but they have back-up electricity sources to power necessary medical equipment and lights. As of the morning of October 8, 2024, there were 15 of these shelters across seven Florida counties and more are expected to open in additional counties as the hurricane draws closer. As of a few hours later, there were 700 individuals sheltering in these locations, not including caregivers, who were encouraged to accompany the people they support when applicable.

While I was encouraged by learning of these shelters for Florida residents with disabilities, I am still painfully aware of how ill-prepared society is when it comes to supporting individuals with disabilities during natural disasters. In times of crisis, we strive to have plans and resources mapped out, but like in many other circumstances, individuals with disabilities have fallen through the cracks. We must do better to protect the lives of individuals with and without disabilities equally, in and out of times of crisis.

Sources

Center for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP). (n.d.). People with Disabilities. Center for Disaster Philanthropy. https://disasterphilanthropy.org/resources/people-with-disabilities/

Florida Department of Health (FDOH). Special Needs Shelter Program (n.d.) https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/emergency-preparedness-and-response/disaster-response-resources/spns-index.html

Kekatos, M. (2024, October 8). Special needs shelters open across Florida ahead of Hurricane Milton’s landfall. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/special-shelters-open-florida-ahead-hurricane-miltons-landfall/story?id=114591006

Wolfe, L. (2023, January 27). Left Behind: Disabled People and Natural Disasters. Women’s Media Center. https://womensmediacenter.com/climate/left-behind