The Korean American community, including immigrants, has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, becoming one of the fastest growing and largest immigrant populations in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2019). Along with this growth, there has been a notable increase in the number of Korean immigrant parents raising children with autism in the country (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
Figure. Korean Immigrant Population in the United States, 1980-2019 Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states)
Data from U.S. Census Bureau 2010 and 2019 American Community Survey (ACS), and Campbell J. Gibson and Kay Jung, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States”. 1850-2000”
While the U.S. offers opportunities and resources for families with children on the autism spectrum, the cultural adaptation process and language barriers can present significant challenges for these parents. In this blog, I will explore the challenges faced by Korean immigrant parents, focusing on the language barrier and its impact on accessing services for their children with autism. Additionally, I will delve into the essential role played by the Korean community church in providing support and fostering emotional well-being for these parents.
1. Language Barriers: A Major Stressor
As a counselor working with nonprofit organizations in Chicago, I have had the privilege of witnessing firsthand the struggles of Korean immigrant parents in navigating the complex systems of autism services in the U.S. Language barriers frequently arise as a major stressor, hindering effective communication between parents and service providers. Understanding the terminology used in special education, such as Individual Education Plans (IEPs), can be particularly challenging for parents with limited English proficiency. Consequently, some parents opt to confide their concerns in other Korean parents of children with disabilities within their community, seeking solace and understanding in shared experiences. While the sense of community support is valuable, avoiding direct communication with English-speaking service providers may impede the effective addressing of their children's behavioral and academic challenges.
2. The Quest for Bilingual Support
While conducting interviews with Korean immigrant parents of children with autism, a recurring theme emerged: the yearning for access to Korean bilingual professionals who could offer specialized support. Parents residing in remote areas expressed a desire to relocate to metropolitan cities like Los Angeles, New York, or Chicago, where the availability of Korean-speaking Board-Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) and other professionals would be more prevalent. Having service providers who not only understand their language but also their cultural nuances can significantly impact their children's educational experiences and overall support network. It is a testament to the importance of cultural competence and inclusive practices in the field of autism services.
3. The Church as a Support System
Amidst the challenges posed by cultural adaptation and language barriers, Korean community churches have emerged as indispensable support systems for parents and families. These churches serve as vital hubs where Korean immigrant parents can connect with one another, forming a close-knit community that shares their experiences, challenges, and triumphs concerning their children's education and services (Kim& Kim, 2017). The benefits of these connections extend beyond religious activities, as the churches often host gatherings on national holidays (e.g., New Year, Christmas), events like birthdays, and prayer groups. In these supportive environments, parents find emotional comfort and camaraderie, knowing they are not alone in their journey. The sense of belonging and the assurance of a shared cultural background (Kim et al., 2010) create a safe space for expressing concerns and seeking advice from fellow parents.
4. A Call for Research and Support
Despite the growing number of Korean immigrant communities and parents raising children with disabilities, there remains a notable lack of research that specifically investigates the stressors arising from cultural and linguistic barriers. As we recognize the unique challenges faced by these parents, it is crucial to invest in research efforts that delve deeper into their experiences. Understanding the specific needs of Korean parents with language barriers can inform the development of culturally competent interventions, thereby facilitating access to services and support for their children with autism. Additionally, we must continue to nurture the support systems that have proven to be instrumental in easing their journey, such as the Korean community church and other community-based initiatives.
Korean immigrant parents raising children with autism in the U.S. encounter distinctive challenges stemming from cultural adaptation and language barriers. The language barrier poses significant stress, affecting their ability to effectively communicate with service providers and access appropriate resources.
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years : Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Mortality Morbidity and Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 67(6),1–23.
2. Kim, J., & Kim, S. (2017). Positioning of Korean immigrant mothers of children with disabilities. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 19, 41–64. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i3.1362
3. 3. Migration Policy Institute. (2019). Korean immigrants in the United States. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states-2017
4. 4. Pew Research Center. (2019). Key facts about Asian origin groups in the U.S. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/22/ key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/
